民商事判决或仲裁裁决跨境执行业务指南
2025-05-29
民商事判决或仲裁裁决跨境执行业务指南
Guideline of the Cross-board Enforcement of Civil and Commercial Judgement or Arbitration Award
导语：德恒香港跨境执行业务中心于2025年3月成立。该中心依托香港区位和专业优势，整合境内外调查资源、执行资源，打造专业跨境执行法律服务团队，为境内外客户提供一站式跨境执行服务，为解决“执行难”问题开辟新路径。该中心邀请境外争议解决专业律师合作，组织编写了民商事判决或仲裁裁决在香港、澳门、美国、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新加坡等主流被执行人资产所在国家或地区的域外认可和执行的法律概况。本系列文章将按司法管辖区陆续更新。
Preamble:
In March2025, DeHeng Law Offices (Hong Kong) LLP established its Cross-board Enforcement Center (“Center”). Given the strategic location and professional expertise of Hong Kong, the Center aims to offer solutions for a connected world and a new approach to addressing the practical challenges of enforcing court judgments and arbitration awards. It will integrate diverse domestic and international resources, drawing upon the expertise of its global dispute resolution team, to provide clients with a one-stop, high-level comparative analysis of cross-border enforcement of court judgments and arbitration awards. The Center has cooperated with the expertise of its global dispute resolution team to provide the client a series of analysis on the extraterritorial recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments or arbitral awards of the Chinese Mainland in Hong Kong, Macau, USA, UK,Canada,Australia, Singapore and other main jurisdictions where the assets of the debtor are kept. This series of analysis will be updated successively by jurisdiction.
专栏：跨境执行指南系列之香港篇
Cross-board Enforcement Guideline - The Recognition and Enforcement of Civil and Commercial Judgement or Arbitration Award in Hong Kong
一、民商事判决 CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL JUDGMENTS
（一）香港与哪些司法管辖区在执行民商事判决方面有互惠安排？
With which jurisdictions does Hong Kong have reciprocal arrangements for enforcement of civil and commercial judgments?
根据《内地民商事判决(相互强制执行)条例》(“新条例”)(第645章)，香港与中国内地就民商事判决执行达成了互惠安排。该安排涵盖在排他性选择法院协议下，民商事案件中涉及金钱和非金钱的判决（包括禁制令）。更具体地说，新条例（即第645章）（于2024年1月29日生效）进一步扩大了对大多数民商事判决的可执行性，无需事先签订司法管辖协议。
Under the Mainland Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Reciprocal Enforcement) Ordinance (“MJREO”) (“new Ordinance”)(Cap. 645）, Hong Kong and the Chinese Mainland have a reciprocal arrangement for judgement enforcement. The arrangement covers monetary and non-monetary judgments (including injunctions) in civil and commercial cases under exclusive choice-of-court agreements. More specifically, the new Ordinance (Cap. 645) (effective on January 29, 2024) further broadens enforceability to most civil/commercial judgments without requiring prior jurisdictional agreements.
根据《外地判决(交互强制执行)条例》（第319章），香港（互惠地）允许直接登记来自以下国家的判决：澳大利亚、印度、马来西亚、新西兰、新加坡、法国、德国、意大利和比利时等国家。
Under the Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Ordinance (“FJREO”) (Cap. 319), Hong Kong (reciprocally) allows direct registration of judgments from: Australia, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, France, Germany, Italy and Belgium.
（二）如果没有互惠安排，是否仍有可能在香港执行外国或内地民商事判决？
If there is no reciprocal arrangement, is it still possible to enforce a foreign or a Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgment in Hong Kong?
若无互惠安排，仍可通过普通法诉讼在香港执行外国判决，即以该判决为诉因提起债务诉讼。
If there is no reciprocal arrangement, a foreign judgment may still be enforced in Hong Kong by initiating a common law action (e.g., suing on the judgment as a debt).
（三）如果没有争议，登记和执行外国或内地民商事判决大约需要多长时间？
What is the approximate time required to register and enforce a foreign or a Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgment if uncontested?
在没有争议情況下，通过《内地民商事判决(相互强制执行)条例》、《外地判决(交互强制执行)条例》或普通法途径进行判决登记通常需要约2个月。至于执行判决，时间取决于选择的执行方法。例如，申请押记令或第三债务人命令通常需要约2个月；而破产或清盘呈请通常需要4到6个月，具体时间视具体情况而定。
If uncontested, the registration of the judgment under the MJREO, FJREO, or the common law route typically takes around 2 months. As for enforcing the judgment, the timeline will depend on the chosen method of enforcement. For instance, a charging order or garnishee order generally takes approximately 2 months. On the other hand, commencing bankruptcy or winding-up proceedings typically requires 4 to 6 months, on a case-by-case basis.
（四）如果有争议，登记和执行外国或内地民商事判决大约需要多长时间？
What is the approximate time required to register and enforce a foreign or a Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgment if contested?
若有争议，时间可能延长至6个月或更久，取决于争议复杂性。
If contested, the process may take 6 months or longer, depending on the complexity of the dispute.
（五）如果没有争议，登记和执行外国或内地民商事判决的费用（包括法院费用和其他支出）大约是多少？
What is the approximate cost of registering and enforcing a foreign or a Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgment (including court fees and other disbursements) if uncontested?
在没有争议的基础下，登记判决的费用大约为数万港元。执行费用则视乎哪种执行方式，每项约数万港元不等。如牵涉海外送达，则每个海外送达申请另加20,000-30,000港元。
On an uncontested basis, the cost of registering a judgment is approximately tens of thousands of HKD. The cost of enforcement will depend on the method of enforcement, expecting to reach tens of thousands of HKD per method. If overseas service is involved, an additional HKD 20,000 to 30,000 will be charged per overseas service application.
（六）如果有争议，登记和执行外国或内地民商事判决的费用(包括法院费用和其他支出)大约是多少?
What is the approximate cost of registering and enforcing a foreign or a Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgment (including court fees and other disbursements) if contested?
若有争议，费用可能升至十万至数十万港元以上，视争议程度和复杂性而定。
If contested, costs may exceed HKD100,00 or hundreds of thousands HKD, depending on the degree and complexity of the dispute.
（七）在香港执行外国或内地民商事判决方面是否存在特殊困难？
Are there any unusual difficulties in enforcing a foreign or a Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgment in Hong Kong?
主要困难包括被告资产不足或管辖权争议，但法律程序本身较明确。
Key challenges include insufficient assets or jurisdictional disputes, but legal procedures are clear.
（八）在香港可以承认和执行的外国或内地民商事判决类型有哪些？
Which types of foreign civil and commercial judgments or Mainland civil and commercial judgements can be recognized and enforced in this jurisdiction?
可执行金钱判决，非金钱判决（如禁令）通常不适用。然而，根据《内地民商事判决(相互强制执行)条例》，在内地获得的非金钱判决（即禁制令）也可以在香港执行１。
Monetary judgments are enforceable; non-monetary judgments (e.g., injunctions) generally are not. However, under the MJREO, non-monetary judgments (i.e., injunctions) obtained in the Chinese Mainland are also enforceable in Hong Kong.
（九）在判定债务人(被执行人)财产调查方面有什么做法和渠道？
What are the practices and channels for investigating the properties of the judgment debtor?
可通过土地注册处及公司注册处针对判定债务人(被执行人)进行财产查册。
Asset investigation involves conducting searches against the judgment debtor through Land Registry and Companies Registry.
（十）执行外国或内地民商事判决的律师收费框架和标准是什么？可否风险代理？
What is the framework and standard for attorneys’ fees for the enforcement of foreign or the Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgments? Is contingency fee possible?
律师费按小时或固定费率，胜诉方可部分追偿。风险代理费（contingency fee）在香港是不被允许的。
Fees are hourly/fixed; partial recovery is possible. Contingency fees are prohibited.
二、仲裁裁决ARBITRATION AWARDS
（一）香港是否为《纽约公约》缔约方？
Is Hong Kong a party to the New York Convention?
是的，自1997年7月1日中国对香港恢复行使主权后，中国政府将《公约》的适用范围扩展至中国香港特别行政区。 ２因此，香港间接成为《纽约公约》的缔约方，但需受中国加入《公约》时所作声明的约束。
Yes, upon resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, the Government of China extended the territorial application of the Convention to Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China. Therefore, Hong Kong is indirectly a party to the New York Convention, subject to the statement originally made by China upon accession to the Convention.
（二）如果没有争议，登记和执行外国或内地仲裁裁决大约需要多长时间？
What is the approximate time required to register and enforce a foreign or a Chinese Mainland arbitration award if uncontested?
在没有争议情況下，通过《内地民商事判决(相互强制执行)条例》、《外地判决(交互强制执行)条例》或普通法途径进行仲裁裁决登记通常需要约2个月。
If uncontested, the registration of the arbitral award under the MJREO, FJREO, or the common law route typically takes around 2 months.
至于执行仲裁裁决，时间取决于选择的执行方法。例如，申请押记令或第三债务人命令通常需要约2个月；而破产或清盘呈请通常需要4到6个月，具体时间视具体情况而定。
As for enforcing the arbitral award, the timeline will depend on the chosen method of enforcement. For instance, a charging order or garnishee order generally takes approximately 2 months. On the other hand, commencing bankruptcy or winding-up proceedings typically requires 4 to 6 months, on a case-by-case basis.
（三）如果有争议，登记和执行外国或内地仲裁裁决大约需要多长时间？
What is the approximate time required to register and enforce a foreign or a Chinese Mainland arbitration award if contested?
若有争议，可能需多于6个月,视乎争议的程度和复杂性。
If contested, it may take more than 6 months., depending on the degree and complexity of the dispute.
（四）如果没有争议，登记和执行外国或内地仲裁裁决的费用（包括法院费用和其他支出）大约是多少？
What is the approximate cost of registering and enforcing a foreign or a Chinese Mainland arbitration award (including court fees and other disbursements) if uncontested?
如无争议，费用约为数万港元。
If uncontested, the cost may probably be tens of thousands of HKD.
（五） 如果有争议，登记和执行外国或内地仲裁裁决的费用（包括法院费用和其他支出）大约是多少？
What is the approximate cost of registering and enforcing a foreign or a Chinese Mainland arbitration award (including court fees and other disbursements) if contested?
若有争议，费用可能升至十万或数十万港元以上，视争议程度和复杂性而定。
If contested, costs may exceed HKD100,000 to hundreds of thousands HKD, depending on the degree and complexity of the dispute.
三、时效LIMITATION
（一）在香港申请登记和执行外国或内地民商事判决或仲裁裁决的诉讼时效是多久？
What is the limitation period of the registration and enforcement of foreign or Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgement or arbitration award in Hong Kong?
在香港申请登记内地判决的期限新旧条例相同，为自未遵从判决规定之日起计的两年内，假设判决中没有指明判定债务的支付日期，则为判决日期起计两年内。
The limitation period for registering a Chinese Mainland judgment in Hong Kong remains the same under both the old and new Ordinances, which is within two years from the date of non-compliance with the judgment. If the judgment does not specify a payment deadline, the registration must be made within two years from the judgment date.
关于执行已成功登记的内地判决，根据香港《时效条例》（第347章）第4(4)条，基于任何判决的诉讼，不得于该判决成为可予强制执行之日起计满12年后提出。若在判决日期起计满12年后才提出执行（或清盘/破产）程序，将被绝对禁止：Re Li Man Hoo [2013] 4 HKLRD 247。
Regarding the enforcement of a registered Chinese Mainland judgment, under section 4(4) of the Limitation Ordinance (Cap. 347) in Hong Kong, no action based on any judgment may be brought after the expiration of 12 years from the date on which the judgment became enforceable. If enforcement (or winding-up/bankruptcy) proceedings are initiated after 12 years from the judgment date, they will be absolutely barred: Re Li Man Hoo [2013] 4 HKLRD 247.
然而，若内地判决不适用于该条例，则其将被视为外国判决（Duan Qi Gui v Upper Like Investments Ltd [2008] HKCU 935（unreported，CACV 320/2007，2008年6月17日）（CA），[43]），其时效期限为自内地判決日起计6年。(Motorola Solutions Credit Company LLC v Kemal Uzan & Anor [2016] HKCU 1446，[24])
However, if the Chinese Mainland judgment does not fall under the MJREO, it will be treated as a foreign judgment (Duan Qi Gui v Upper Like Investments Ltd [2008] HKCU 935 (unreported, CACV 320/2007, 17 June 2008) (CA), [43]), and the limitation period will be six years from the date of the Chinese Mainland judgment. (Motorola Solutions Credit Company LLC v Kemal Uzan & Anor [2016] HKCU 1446, [24])
四、执行ENFORCEMENT
（一）在香港执行外国或内地民商事判决或仲裁裁决需要提供哪些文件？
What papers will be needed for the enforcement of a foreign or a Chinese Mainland judgement or arbitration award in this jurisdiction?
这将取决于所选择的执行方式。例如，对于押记令或第三方债务人命令，这将是单方面申请，因此需要提交誓章和命令草拟本。
It will depend on the chosen method of enforcement. For example, in the case of a charging order or a garnishee order, it will be an ex-parte application, requiring an affirmation and a draft order４.
（二）在香港执行外国或内地民商事判决的一般流程和主要方式有哪些（如第三方债务人命令、押记令、强制执行押记令、扣押债务人财产令状、对判决债务人进行询问、清盘/破产呈请等）？
What is the general procedure and methods to enforce a foreign or a Chinese Mainland civil and commercial judgement in this jurisdiction （e.g. Garnishee Order，Charging Order, Enforcement of charging order by sale, Writ of Fi Fa, Examination of judgment debtor, Winding-up/ bankruptcy proceedings，etc）?
１.第三方债务人命令Garnishee Order
第三方债务人命令可强制第三方（如银行）将判决债务人的款项直接支付给判决债权人。
A garnishee order compels a third party (e.g., a bank) holding the judgment debtor’s funds to pay the judgment creditor directly.
2.押记令Charging Order
押记令可对判决债务人的不动产或证券设定押记，阻止其处置。若未偿还，判决债权人可申请出售令强制出售资产。
A charging order imposes a charge on the judgment debtor’s real estate or securities, preventing disposal. If unpaid, the judgment creditor may apply for an order for sale to force liquidation.
３.扣押债务人财产令状Writ of Fieri Facias (Writ of Fi Fa)
扣押债务人财产令状授权执达主任查封及拍卖判决债务人的动产（如车辆、设备），以清偿判决债务。
A Writ of Fi Fa authorizes bailiffs to seize and auction the judgment debtor’s movable assets (e.g. vehicles, equipment) to satisfy the judgment debt.
４.判决债务人讯问Examination of Judgment Debtor
判决债权人可申请法庭对判决债务人进行口头讯问，迫使其披露是否有被拖欠任何债项及是否有任何其他财产或经济能力履行该判决或命令。
The judgment creditor may apply for an oral examination of the judgment debtor in court to disclose (a) the debts owing to the judgment debtor, and (b) the other property or means of satisfying the judgment or order.４
５.清盘/破产呈请Winding-Up/Bankruptcy Proceedings
如判决债务人为公司/个人且无法偿还到期债务或没有足够的资产全额偿还债务，判决债权人可根据《公司（清盘及杂项条文）条例》（第32章）/《破产条例》（第6章）提出强制清盘/破产呈请。
If the judgment debtor is a company/an individual and is either unable to pay or have no reasonable prospect of being able to pay, the judgment creditor may petition for its/his/her compulsory liquidation/bankruptcy under the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap.32)/ Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap.6).
（三）如何取回执行费用和成本？
How to recover all fees and costs of enforcement?
胜诉方可向法院申请由败诉方承担费用。
Costs may be recovered via court orders against the losing party.
关于本问卷中时间/费用估算的说明:
Note regarding time/cost estimates throughout this questionnaire:
时间和费用的估算是基于对方完全配合相关法律程序及没有任何争议或抗辩的假设。即使没有争议，执行工作也有可能会因立法或程序变化而面临预测以外的延误。此外，由于法院诉讼具有对抗性，当涉及有争议或抗辩的诉讼时，相关法律程序的实际持续时间和费用亦取决于当事人的诉讼策略。因此无法提供一个通用但准确的费用或时间估算。客户应寻求逐案评估，以获得更具体准确的估算。
Time and costs estimates are based on the assumption that the other party fully cooperates with the relevant legal procedures and does not contest or defend. Enforcement can face unexpected delays even if it is uncontested, due to changing procedures or legislation. Additionally, as court litigation is adversarial in nature, when it is contested or defended, the actual time and costs of the relevant legal procedures are in large part determined by the parties' litigation strategies. As such, it is impossible to provide a general but accurate cost or time estimate, and clients should instead seek a case-by-case evaluation for more specifically accurate estimates.
参考文献：
[1]该判决或部分规定该判决的原本法律程序的一方，须支付款项或履行作为 (Section 10(1)(b) of MJREO: the Judgment or part requires the payment of a sum of money, or the performance of an act, by a party to the original proceedings for the Judgment)
[2]https://newyorkconvention1958.org/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=1727
[3]Section 10(1)(b)(ii) and section 11 of MJREO
[4]Order 48(1)(a) and (b) of the Rules of High Court (Cap.4A)
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本文由德恒律师事务所律师原创，仅代表作者本人观点，不得视为德恒律师事务所或其律师出具的正式法律意见或建议。如需转载或引用本文的任何内容，请注明出处。
